The Meaning of Jazz in African American Culture...

The Meaning of Jazz in African American Culture Particularly in Harlem During the 1950’s In the Baldwin’s story, Sonny’s Blues, the author portrays African -Americans in the urban life. Even though he writes about reconciliation of two brothers, who are trying to overcome their differences and to come to understand each other, the story shows the meaning of Jazz in African American culture, particularly in Harlem during 1950. The urban life in Harlem has being described by many authors, including James Baldwin. The life of an African American man in this place during the 1950’s was a â€Å"disaster†, â€Å"faces and bodies† [†¦] were â€Å"trapped in the darkness† (Baldwin n.pag). It was a time prior to the Civil Rights Movement, the time of†¦show more content†¦The story portrays that the conflict between two brothers is more complex than it seems to be. Sonny tries to prove that â€Å"living by another man’s definition of success, or worse, being hemmed in by discrimination that deprives one true freedom, is like being dead. Music, art, and even drugs are avenues out of that social death, even as they are, in their own ways, dangerous or subversive† (Class Lecture). Sonny becomes a drug user and gets arrested for possession of narcotics. â€Å"Those who try to escape on the streets find themselves encircled by disaster† (Baldwin n.pag). In h is adolescence, Sonny succumbs to the streets and ends up hooked on dope and in prison† (Flibbert n.pag). Even though, Sonny tries to explain himself, the narrator chooses not to be involved. Later in the story he reconciles with his younger brother after the death of his daughter. The pain of loss made him more sensitive to his brother’s feelings. The narrator in the beginning assumes â€Å"that he has escaped the underclass(Baldwin n.pag), but what he discovers later is that his younger brother is still stuck there addicted to heroin, and he will never find a peace until he saves him†(Reid n.pag). What he begins to discover with Sonnys arrest and literal imprisonment is that he cannot free himself from responsibility for his brother. â€Å"He is his brothers keeper [†¦] and the vision that will make life and freedom from bondage possible is not the Platonic, Apollonian vision ofShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes: A Poet Supreme Essay1879 Words   |  8 Pagesof language. No poet better carries the mantle of model and innovator the Langston Hughes, the prolific Duke Ellington of black poetry. Hughess output alone is staggering. During his lifetime, he published over eight hundred poems. Moreover, he single-handedly defined blues poetry and is arguably the first major jazz poet. Early in his career he realized the importance of reading his poetry to receptive audiences. When Alain Locke arranged a poetry reading by Hughes before the PlaywritersRead MoreThe Influence of Gospel Music Essay2325 Words   |  10 PagesGospel music has been around for a hundred of years. Gospel music is highly emotional evangelical vocal music that originated among African American Christians in the southern United States and was a strong influence in the development of soul music. (Gospel Music) Gospel music quite evolved from the songs slaves sang on plantations notably work songs, and from the Protestant hymns they sang in church. However in the 19th century, spiri tual hymns transfer into gospel music, which started the goldenRead MoreNew York City: History and Landmarks4966 Words   |  20 Pages(shell beads). Fewer than 300 people lived in New Amsterdam when the settlement moved to Manhattan. But it grew quickly, and in 1760 the city (now called New York City; population 18,000) surpassed Boston to become the second-largest city in the American colonies. Fifty years later, with a population 202,589, it became the largest city in the Western hemisphere. Today, more than 8 million people live in the city’s five boroughs. New York City in the 18th Century In 1664, the British seized NewRead MoreThe History of Dance9217 Words   |  37 Pagesto the deities; dancers are married to the deity. Devadasi also known as temple dancers usually illustrated their devotion to the Gods the most, performing in front of the Gods, or at festivals in honor of them. Bharata Natyam captures the true meaning of dance drama, the dance routines tell a story, creating theatrical unity and wholeness in the meditative mind. The following is a list of dance names; Argentine Tango - history of Argentine Tango and Milonga. Argentine Tango History - Milonga and

Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and...

Henry Thoreaus Where I Lived and What I Lived For and E.B. Whites Once More to the Lake At first glance, Henry Thoreau’s, Where I Lived and What I Lived For, and E.B. White’s, Once More to the Lake, have nothing in common. After several readings; however, one can interpret that both authors have the same message. Even though Thoreau and White use extremely different styles, they both portray nature as the simplest way of life. Thoreau writes an argumentative essay in the 1800’s trying to persuade society to â€Å"simplify† by going back to relying on nature instead of technology (50 Essays pg. 417). White writes a 1900’s narrative about his visit to his childhood lake where he shockingly discovers how nature reveals the essence of life.†¦show more content†¦417). What Thoreau suggests is to rely on nature for food, education, entertainment, and all needs of a simplified human being. In Thoreau’s Where I Lived and What I Lived For, simplicity is his method of achieving self-sufficiency. Once More to the Lake tells the story of E.B. White’s journey back to his childhood lake in Maine. White compares the lake of his childhood to the lake of his adulthood. Everything was the same to White when he went with his son. â€Å"It was the arrival of this fly that convinced me beyond any doubt that everything was as it always had been, that the years were a mirage and that there had been no years,† (50 Essays pg. 446). The scenery of the lake brought peace and tranquility to White as he realized that he had become his father and his son had become him. White embraces nature at first, but towards the end he fears its mortality. â€Å"As he buckled the swollen belt, suddenly my groin felt the chill of death,† (50 Essays pg. 450). Once More to the Lake is satiated with description and figurative language. White uses heavy detail to capture the reader and get his point across. The natural setting of the lake revealed the essence of life to him. Once More to the Lake proves that Thoreau’s Where I Lived and What I Lived For is true in that putting aside humanity’s distractions and living in a natural setting, one can discover the secrets of life. Thoreau andShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Thoreau s And White s Writings855 Words   |  4 Pagesleast once in their life, it probably happened in college or in that one time in life where one asks themselves, â€Å" What am I doing?†. Similar problems had also happened to both writers Henry David Thoreau and E.B. White. Thoreau, in â€Å"Why I Went to the Woods† went and â€Å"lived in the woods† and he did this because he wanted to determine what was really important in life. White had an identity crisis due to his past memories and had the fear of losing himself into his son as described in â€Å"Once More

The 3 Models of Criminal Justice Free Essays

Compare the three models of the criminal justice process (the Wedding Cake, the Funnel and the Net Models) The criminal justice process is very complex process and varies from state to state. Three models of the criminal justice process as discussed and reviewed in chapter 9 of out textbook are the funnel, wedding and net. (Meyer, Grant 2003) In this essay I will compare these three models of the criminal justice process and give my opinion on which model I think best describes the criminal justice system as it is today. We will write a custom essay sample on The 3 Models of Criminal Justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also give you a rationale for the choice that I choose. The first model I will discuss is the funnel model. This model looks at how decisions are made at each level in the criminal justice process and sort out those people and cases that it feels should not go through the entire process from those whom it feels should. This process is used as a means of limiting the number cases to a small percentage of cases that have to be resolved by trial advocacy and incarceration. The process limits the amount of offenders in court and incarcerated at any given time. The benefit of this model is it prevents the criminal justice system from becoming backed up. The truth is the criminal Justice system is already backed up, and crimes are increasing on a daily basis. A common misconception of the funnel process is that it â€Å"lets criminals off,† however this is not true. Most cases are often dismissed or pleas are bargained due to lack of evidence. The truth is that there is not enough money, to prosecute every crime. It is up to the State (States attorney), or The Attorney general which crimes are worth prosecuting, and which one’s need to be thrown out, or plea bargained. The Next model that I will discuss is the wedding cake model; it is referred to as a wedding cake because with this model criminal justice officials decide how to deal with cases according to their informal discretionary definition of â€Å"seriousness. † This model was developed by Samuel Walker, a scholar who analyzed the judicial system. This model divides the criminal justice system up into four different categories: celebrated cases, serious felonies, lesser felonies and misdemeanors this model looks at the seriousness of the charge, the past criminal record of the offender, as well as the relationship of the victim to the offender. At the very top of the cake, the smallest layer represents famous (or rather, infamous) cases that attract a lot of publicity and, unfortunately, often contribute to public misinformation about the criminal justice. † (Meyer, Grant 2003) Lastly I will discuss the nets model. This model allows some offenders to exit the system and go free at certain stages during the criminal justice process; whereas some criminal struggle unsuccessfully to get free and often end up further entangle in the system. This model is designed to give the police desecration to use some criminals as informants to assist them in catching the ring leader. This model is also used as a plea bargaining tool whereas defendants with little information to trade with the prosecutor may get less attractive plea deals than their accomplices in crime that have more knowledge with which to bargain ((Meyer, Grant 2003). This model has become more familiar to me as I was growing up, in Chicago, IL. I knew several guys who would go out and commit crimes together, and brag about it. They would eventually get caught, and end up telling on each other to get lesser time. They also tell about other crimes, to save their skins. I guess it’s a great model to use to get the big guy, or big fish, but I do not agree to turn a blind eye to crime, whether it’s small or big. In my opinion the model I think best describes today’s criminal justice system is the wedding cake model. Much like this model in today’s criminal justice system is broken down into layers. With the first being celebrated cases or case that receive much media attention. Than in today’s system we look serious felonies these are cases where bail maybe revoked. The third layer of the cake in this model is lesser felonies’ often in these cases pleas are taken. The final layer is misdemeanor cases. This model gives us a basic understanding of cases is categorized today. Reference The Wedding Cake Model Theory of Criminal Justice; Copyright  © 1999-2011Demand Media, Inc. ; By. Mike Broemmel; retrieved fromwww. howe. com The Courts in Our CriminalJustice System, by Jon’a F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc Reference the Wedding Cake Model Theory of Criminal Justice; Copyright  © 1999-2011Demand Media, Inc. ; By. Mike Broemmel; retrieved fromwww. howe. comThe Courts in Our Criminal Justice System, by Jon’a F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. The Courts in Our Criminal Justice System, by Jon’s F. Meyer and Diana R. Grant. Published by Prentice-Hall. Copyright  © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. How to cite The 3 Models of Criminal Justice, Essay examples

Critical Lens Essay free essay sample

When going through a rough patch in life, someone may notice and come to terms with things about themselves that they didn’t come to grips with before. In other words, â€Å"In times of adversity or hardship, one’s true character is revealed. † In Ellen Foster, a book about a young foster child by Kaye Gibbons, Ellen faces many challenges. These challenges include the suicide of her mother, the abuse and unavoidable death of her father, and rejection from family members which led her to be moved from home to home. In the end, however, she learns that she’s never had â€Å"the hardest row to hoe† and proves that she is a survivor. I agree with this quote because of the major relevance it has in fictional Ellen’s life. Ellen is characterized as a lonely young girl. For example, Ellen’s first words in the book were; â€Å"When I was little I used to think of ways to kill my daddy. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Lens Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Her father was an alcoholic, racist, and not to mention cruel and heartless towards Ellen, he was Ellen’s earliest hardship but helped her grow as a person in the end. As a result of her father being so mean, Ellen always strived to be the opposite. Following this trauma, her mother killed herself, most likely because of the father, which in itself is overwhelming and heartbreaking for a 10 year old. During all of this Ellen is always very close friends with a little colored girl named Starletta, as much as Ellen doesn’t want to be like her father, she still can’t help being racist because of her own fathers influence. She may not be able to control who’s child she is or how much she looks like her father, but Ellen eventually learns she can take the way she feels about other people into her own hands. What you had better worry about though is the people you know and trusted they would be like you because you were all made in the same batch. You need to look over your shoulder at the one who is in charge of holding you up and see if that is a knife he has in his hand. And it might not be a colored hand. But it is a knife† this is where Ellen realizes she is wrong in all of her stereotypes. Colored peop le have never wronged her personally. It’s Ironic because It was always her own family, her own WHITE family that was cruel, and spiteful to her. In the end she even invites Starletta over at her â€Å"new mama’s† for a sleepover. Ellens final say of the matter is â€Å" I came a long way to get here but when you think about it real hard you will see that old Starletta came even farther And all this time I thought I had the hardest row to hoe. † In this she means generally speaking, African Americans have had a rougher start in their lives as stereotypical whole than any white man will have to go through, and she is just now appreciating the fact that she does not have to fight to be an equal with the world. â€Å"In times of adversity or hardship, one’s true character is revealed† is undeniably the most relevant theme in Ellen foster. Ellen’s loss of her parents and rejection from her loved ones eventually makes her realize that colored people aren’t bad like she was raised to think they were, and that her own family was who she should have been ashamed to be around her whole life. Among other things she comes to terms with the fact she is not the only person with a rough childhood, and she ends up not only in a new and great home, but with a new mindset. Racism is no longer a concern for Ellen and in that; she has grown closer with her best friend Starletta. Ellen was always strong, but by the end of Kaye Gibbon’s novel, she’s a survivor.

Comparing learning theories

Introduction Learning entails the process of acquiring knowledge, skills and ideas thus gaining a new perspective of the world. The learning process is influenced by factors which emanate from internal and external sources. Some of these include environmental, cognitive and emotional influences.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing learning theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning theories are aimed at giving an explanation of what take place in the learning process. The theories attempt to explain the processes involved in acquisition of knowledge. It is through learning theories that one acquires knowledge to interpret the various examples of learning processes. As a result, one is able to solve practical problems and issues arising from the learning processes. There are several learning theories which explain the learning process. These include behavioral theories, cognitive theories, holistic t heories and humanistic theories of learning among others. This study seeks to compare behavioral and cognitive theories of leaning. Behavioral Theories of Learning According to Huitt and Hummel (1999, p. 5), behavioral approach to learning focuses on how the environment influences observable behaviors. These theories assert that for every response which is overt, there is a stimulus which causes it. Classical conditioning Pavlov used a dog to conduct a study on classical conditioning. Findings of the study revealed that every response is elicited by a stimulus. In order to gain a better understanding on classical conditioning, both unconditioned and neutral stimulus were used. Repeatedly, the neutral stimulus changes to a conditioned stimulus which in turn elicits a conditioned response. With time, this conditioned response becomes a habitual association achieved through pairing of neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus which to leads to a person or animal giving a similar response to both stimulus. Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ivan Pavlov’s dog salivates each time the bell rings. This is due to the fact that the dog associated ringing of the bell with food. Operant Conditioning This behavioral learning theory was advanced by B.F. Skinner. It postulates that learning is the change of function in observable behavior as a result the responses to the stimulus within the environment. Skinner stresses on the need of reinforcement which strengthens the desired response. As a result, the antecedents of the newly learned behaviour are influenced by the consequences of previous behavior (Huitt, Hummel, 1999, p. 3). The diagram shows the change in behavior as a result of operant conditioning. Connectionism This is another theory of behavioral learning by E. Thorndike in which learning just like in operant conditioning relies on the need for reinforc ement. Three basic laws are considered. These include the law of effect, law of readiness and the law of exercise. With regard to law of effect, an individual’s response is turned into a habit if a reward is attached in order to strengthen the response. Law of readiness relates to when to events occurs in a sequence. On the other hand, law of exercise entails where connections are strengthened through practice and become unstable upon ceasing from practice. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing learning theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The diagram shows Thorndike’s process in which repeated simple actions as a result of the accruing effect of reinforcement yields complex behaviors (Donahoe, 1999, p.452). Application of Behavioral Theories of learning to the classroom situation Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory is helpful in the classroom situation when it comes to emo tional state of learners. Students tend to establish an emotional attachment to the teacher, for example, when a teacher is pleasant, learners will relate well with him or her and consequently associate the pleasantness to the subject he or she teaches. This kind of association is as a result of classical conditioning. B. F. Skinner’s operant conditioning is a practical insight to classroom management issues. Considering the fact that the theory stresses on the need for reinforcement, teachers can implement this by pairing good performance with secondary reinforcements like verbal praises as well as awards in order to encourage good performance and behavior. This theory also calls for use of questions as stimulus and answer as response. Through asking questions, the teacher is able to get possible answers from the students’ thus encouraging participation in classroom. In Thorndike’s theory, trial and error is the basic concept regarding the law of exercise where connections are established because of repeated pairing of the stimulus and the response. The practice of the law of effect and exercise are essential for an effective learning process. Learning should be sequential in the sense that the items to be learned should be presented according to their level of difficulty. Of equal importance is the fact that learning is influenced by previous situations. This is to say that previous performance of a learner determines future performance. Therefore, a teacher should make use of this to improve learning outcomes. Differences between Behavioral and Social theories of learning In behavioral theories of learning, we have seen that for learning to take place effectively, the learner should be actively involved in the learning process. Application of Pavlov’s theory to classroom situation requires the learner to constantly associate the stimulus and the response so that in the end the leaner develops a link between the two.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is not the case in social theories of leaning which state that behavior learning occurs out of observation then imitation. This acknowledges the leaner as being passive to learning process since the learner only waits to imitate a desired behavior. In addition, learning according to behavioral theories presumes that a learner should repeatedly engage in the desired activity until it becomes habitual to them thus learning. On the contrary, the social theory of learning presumes that the ability to fully learn and acquire behavior depends on the ability of the learner to retain what is observed in the mind, imitate the behavior and then adopt it. For this reason, learning becomes limited since if the learner is unable to remember what they observed or when the learner is not motivated towards adopting a given behavior then learning will not take place. This is different from behavioral theories of learning where the learner goes through a series of learning experiences which resu lt into acquisition of knowledge or skills. Of equal importance is the necessity of the stimuli and appropriate responses in the learning process according to behavioral theories of learning. A behavior is learned as a result of being induced by a given stimulus from the environment. The stimuli vary depending with the context and environment for learning. In the case of social theories of learning, the stimulus-response relationship is not explicitly described. Rather, learning only occurs in the event of an observed behavior which is worth imitating. There is also a difference in the way reinforcements are used in both behavioral and social theories of learning. According to the behavioral theory of learning reinforcements are used in the event of good performance such as when a behavior is successfully and appropriately learned, the learner is rewarded. Social theory on the other hand presumes that any slight imitation should be reinforced so as to encourage more attempts that wi ll eventually lead to behavior acquisition. Cognitive theories of learning Before During After Anticipating guide Annolighting Dense questioning Frame of reference Annotating Listening to voice Checking out the frame work Collaboration annotation Conversations across time Conversation across time Dense questioning Inferential reading How cognitive teaching strategies help in the learning processes In an attempt to make the learning process more easier, teaching strategies based on cognitive theories of learning have emerged to help teachers in the process of learning in areas such as vocabulary development, comprehension, concentration and writing skills. Cognitive teaching strategies help learners in many ways. First, when applied appropriately by the teacher these strategies help the learners to have a positive intellectual development. In teaching languages, cognitive teaching strategies help in the development of vocabulary. Learners are able to interchangeably use words ranging from synonyms, antonyms, homophones as well as allophones. In addition, the learner develops proficiency in a language because of appropriate use of vocabulary in sentence constructions and other related areas. In the acquisition of writing skills, when used appropriately by the teacher, cognitive learning strategies play a crucial role towards developing writing skills in learners. Especially the vocabulary writing strategy in which writers are expected to write detailed descriptions of a given topic. In regular use, learners gradually develop the art of writing. Concentration game as a cognitive teaching strategy is effective in developing intellectual development in learners especially those in lower levels of learning. This is due to the fact that the strategy requires learners to participate in finding out vocabulary items and identifying those that are similar. Learning theories are important and inevitable tools in the process of teaching and learning. Teachers need to be well versed with these theories in order to be able to have insights on the process of learning as well as to be able to work out issues related to the process of learning. Learners are well catered for when the teacher in charge of them understands the process of learning and the various strategies required in the various developments of skills and knowledge as the cognitive, behavioral and social development. Reference List Donahoe, W. (1999). The selectionist connection. Journal of the experimental  analysis of behavior. Vol. 72, issue 3, pp. 451-454. Web. Huitt, W. Hummel, J. (1999). Educational Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/search?hl=ensource=hpq=behavioral+theory+of+learningaq=2aqi=g10aql=oq=Behavioral+theory+ofgs_rfai=cad=h This essay on Comparing learning theories was written and submitted by user Eliseo Waters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Shakespeare Research Paper Topics and Ideas

Shakespeare Research Paper Topics and Ideas It is likely that you will need to write an essay or research paper about William Shakespeare at some point during your studying since the significance of his impact on literature is undoubted. It is also likely that youre going to face difficulties while reading Shakespeare’s creations because there is a centuries-gap between you; the spoken and literary language was way different back then, which makes it hard to comprehend. However, there are myriads of studies that explore almost every part of his writings and ought to help you complete your assignment. Nevertheless, it might be hard for you to pick the right topic to start with. In fact, you can write about any subject that you are interested in, be it racism, feminism, gender issues, literary or rhetorical devices, genres of literature, templates of stories and narration, symbolism, and many others, since Shakespeare’s creations include all issues mentioned above. While working on any of these topics, keep in mind that a research paper requires a thorough study of the subject and references to credible sources. Topics: 1. Shakespeare’s Environmental Imagery In his works, Shakespeare uses plenty of descriptive details, many of which convey an important message and are essential to the plot. For instance, in â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream,† the imagery of the environment, particularly of the Moon, plays a vital role in building the story and dialogs between the characters. Try to find parts where a description of a surrounding is important to understanding a specific scene. 2. Shakespeare as the Subject of Gender Discourse Shakespeare’s works played a significant role in understanding the mentality of Renaissance society. The author is known for creating outstanding female characters and showing their conflicts with the culture they live in. Describe how important is the contribution of Shakespeare to the gender discourse, taking a particular work or works as examples. 3. Cross-Gender Interference Gender interference occurs when a character possesses both masculine and feminine qualities in verbal behavior. If you want to pick this topic for your research, then it is essential to consider existing gender language stereotypes. In your paper, you can focus on the character of Titania and the changes in her communicative behavior, which happen during the story. 4. Gender Roles Differentiation While the previous topic discusses the fusion of gender roles, gender differentiation implies that there is a strict division between the personalities of female and male characters. Your paper can examine the differentiation of gender roles of Demetrius and Helena from â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream.† Describe how their images correspond to the stereotypes of the Renaissance period. 5. The Danger of Gender The setting of â€Å"Othello† depicts women not only as man’s possession but also as the holders of their reputation. Woman’s infidelity was considered a shame for a man since it was equivalent to unacceptable disobedience and contrariness. Consider how has this fact led to the well-known ending of the â€Å"Othello† story, provide examples from the play. 6. The Theme of Marriage In â€Å"Othello,† Shakespeare depicted that unmarried daughters are no more than a property of their fathers. It is especially vivid on an example of Desdemona and her father Brabantio. During the story, when Desdemona secretly marries Othello, her father feels like he was robbed since his property was stolen. Thus, you can describe the mentality concerning marriage in â€Å"Othello,† and how it differs from the perception of your culture. 7. The Theme of Racism Racism is another controversial topic depicted in â€Å"Othello.† Brabantio perceived Desdemona’s and Othello’s union as something unnatural and resulted from witchcraft since from his old-fashioned point of view, interracial relationships are forbidden. In your research paper, you can examine these racial issues that were shown in â€Å"Othello,† and correlate them to past or modern realities. 8. The Theme of Feminism in â€Å"Othello† Although there are a few female characters in â€Å"Othello,† Shakespeare provides them with unique and sometimes even rebellious personalities. Give due attention to each of the female characters, describe their behavior and provide textual evidence. Try to discover which one of them resembles the image of a modern feminist. 9. Melodrama and Shakespeare Shakespeare’s creations had a significant impact on the development of the melodrama genre. For instance, the theme of forbidden but strong love between two people from fighting clans, families, or countries, which originally was shown in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† is recurring in the modern literature. Strive to notice such themes in literature or cinematography and compare it to Shakespeare’s text. 10. Tragedy in Shakespeare’s Plays Shakespeare’s works are famous for their unexpected and often tragic endings. In your paper, discuss the unique features of the Shakespearian tragedy that distinguishes it from other works of this genre. For this assignment, it is critically important to refer to works of credible researchers and provide textual pieces of evidence, citing them according to the required formatting style. 11. Comedy in Shakespeare’s Plays Not only do Shakespeare’s texts have bitter stories, but they also do not lack the humorous component. For instance, in â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream,† he jokingly refers to Queen Elizabeth I, also known as The Virgin Queen. Thus, a humorous component of his texts can concern even out-of-the-plot events. Try to examine and discuss such parts, and support your claims with pieces of evidence. 12. Historic Events in Shakespearean Literature In his creations, Shakespeare quite often refers to real historical events and uses them as a basis for a plot or simply as a character’s feature. For this topic, you should examine some of his famous works and make a thorough research of a chosen subject. 13. External Impact on Shakespeare Shakespeare’s works were influenced by the time in which the author lived and by events that occurred back then. For this assignment, it is important to attentively study the biography of the English playwright and research some corresponding academic literature. You can choose, for instance, to describe the impact of political events on Shakespeare’s oeuvre. 14. Revolution in Literature As one of the truly outstanding figures in world literature, Shakespeare made a significant contribution to its development. For this topic, you should examine how his works influenced, changed, or even revolutionized the situation in the literary world. Keep in mind, however, that your claims should be backed up with opinions of credible researchers. 15. Shakespeare’s Style of Writing Shakespeare was the founder of myriads of literary devices, which writers still use nowadays. For insistence, in contrast to his contemporaries, who used stock characters in their creations, Shakespeare focused on the depth of characters’ personalities, making them look real and controversial. You can build your research paper on describing similar literary devices and finding their equivalents in modern literature. 16. Recurring Themes in Shakespeare’s Sonnets There are over 150 sonnets created by Shakespeare, and many of them have recurring themes or main ideas. For this topic, you should pick several sonnets that you consider to be similar by poetic meaning, and try to defend your position, supporting it with scholarly sources. 17. Use of Rhetorical Devices The use of rhetoric devices defines the persuasiveness of a literary work and emotional reaction from it. Among the most used tools in Shakespearian literature are similes, metaphors, and parallelism. In your research paper, you can examine a rhetoric component of his work or works, and explain how efficiently or inefficiently it was implemented. 18. The Symbolism of Shakespearian Literature It is common to literature when one feature in the text (statement) actually represents something else, and many authors tend to implement abstract ideas in their writings. In your paper, try to track such symbolism in Shakespeare’s work or works. Explain how the understanding of this symbolism adds to the perception of the writing overall. 19. The Theme of Revenge Talking about Shakespeare, it is also necessary to mention â€Å"Hamlet,† one of his most famous and recognized creations. There are numerous researches focused on this writing, and you can just pick one of them and strive to add something new. For instance, you can examine the theme of revenge and hesitations of the main character, depicted in â€Å"Hamlet.† 20. Educational Value of Shakespeare’s Oeuvre Since Shakespearean literature is covered in curriculum of almost every educational institution, you can build your research paper on explaining the reasons of why Shakespeare’s works are either vital for education or overestimated. However, remember that this is not merely a reflection paper, which means that it also needs you to do research and refer opinions of scholars. Conclusion To sum up, William Shakespeare was a truly outstanding author since there are hundreds of thousands of studies devoted to his works and many more that are conducted now. With the help of the mentioned-above topics, your research paper can carry on this academic race, and maybe you will be the one to reveal something new about Shakespeare’s oeuvre.

Is There a Need for Constraining or Even Prohibiting the Sale and Use Essay

Is There a Need for Constraining or Even Prohibiting the Sale and Use of Alcohol - Essay Example Hence, those in favor propose that there should be monitored restrictions or absolute prohibition on alcohol consumption whereas the opponents who are in majority recommend that individuals should be guaranteed liberty to consume as much as they prefer. Alcohol consumption is a major factor that contributes to the increasing crime rate. In many countries its involvement can be up to 60 percent to 70 percent. It is one of the common reasons that lead to chaos in the public for example fights on the streets. It adds up figures to the list of sexual assaults, domestic violence, brutal crimes, murders, child abuse etc. Therefore in short, alcohol consumption is one of the leading factors that build up ground for crimes and violent behavior and a fall in its consumption will definitely lead to controlling these wrong deeds. Contrary to this, the opponents claim that sex and violence are two things toward which humans are inclined by nature and alcohol plays no part in bringing the urge fo r it. Alcohol can aid the process but is not a cause for them. The causes for them are biological. Hence whether it is made illegal, violence will continue. The drug laws in the country should be uniform. Addictive drugs like cannabis are made illegal because they affect the human mind, although they result in nearly no violence and crime. So drugs like alcohol should definitely be forbidden because of their immense crime rate. On the other hand those who oppose this stance claim that even cannabis should be legalized because the mainstream knows how to use these drugs securely and maturely. It is an addictive and destructive drug that when taken in large quantities, it completely shatters human lives. People end up with broken marriages, losing jobs, disturbed families, becoming shelter less only because of extreme alcoholism. Sadly its percentage is very high in our country. However, as opposed to this others believe that drinking has been a part of many cultures since hundreds of years. It is a social phenomenon and banning this act is entirely impractical. It is very much correct that if alcohol is banned the government will face huge losses in the tax revenues. However this is not a serious issue. It is because the government is already spending so much on treatment of addicts, illnesses related with alcohol and also on the police department for addressing alcohol related crimes and issues. If alcohol is banned, these spending will also cut down and the losses in tax revenue will be settled. Opponents however believe that alcohol has multibillion dollar industry globally and being a part of it brings huge revenues for the government through taxation and duties. Banning it would bring a massive set back to the governments earnings. Moreover if it is banned, black markets, traffickers, ill legal drug users will continue to flourish and this way the government would lose all its revenues. No doubt that drinking is very common in our country in all age groups and the government earns huge revenues through the industry, it still is a harmful substance for the humans in numerous aspects. It destroys the brain cells and drinkers have 10 percent smaller hippocampi- the part of the brain that deals with memory and learning, as compared to non drinkers. Severe drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning which can cause respiratory

Industrial Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Since Britain is an island, it relied on maritime trade. As a slave and foreign trade put new demands on the movement of people and distribution of products, innovations in the shipping industry had to be brought in. This led to improvements in shipbuilding and the emergence of the ship repair industry. The technological advances that fueled these developments included the prologue of steam power and the use of steel and iron in building merchant ships. The result was safer, more reliable and faster sea travel beyond rivers into ocean voyages. Architectural and infrastructural changes included transport systems made up of expanded railways, improved roads, and iron bridges. Steam engines were also adopted in locomotives. Canals that connected industrial centers, trading centers, coalfields, and ports were also dug. For example, Liverpool and Manchester were linked by canals, promoting the textile industry in the early nineteenth century. By this time, the military production also pro moted the innovation and development of machine tools. For example, at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, a machine tool trainer known as Henry Maudslay trained tool makers in developing wooden machines used in boring cannons. He also developed and produced metal locks and later improved on the slide rest lathe that was used to cut machine screws. In conclusion, technological improvements and scientific innovations contributed towards the progression of agriculture, trade, shipping, economic expansion, and industry.

Theory of knowledge- When should we discard explanations that are Essay - 1

Theory of knowledge- When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing - Essay Example ally, I believe that it has some roots in our subconscious because with the help of it we express those ideas which we are unable to share or act upon otherwise; as those ideas cannot be supported by rationality. So, basically our instinct gets its guideline from our submissive feelings. The question demands here, should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? Before giving concluding remarks we have to view the subject in the light of other knowledge-related issues like science. First take this example of my own:Â  I used to eat an excessive amount of chocolates on a daily basis, I am just obsessed with it; apart from the fact that it contains considerable amount of fat. But because I wanted to be able to justify my habit of eating chocolates in such large quantities, I did some research on the benefits which chocolate offers and found that it contains certain amount of chemicals like tryptophan, phenyl ethylamine and theobromine, that are good for the human brain and that, its consumption give some extra benefits to the human body, mind and spirit (Duke and Yeager 26). These facts illustrate that it has some good nutrition elements in it that are find effective for the mind due to its ability of reducing tension. Thus, it formed the basis of an in tuitively appealing explanation that would help me justify my obsession. Although these facts may have been proven, but those small percentages did not actually prove that it constitute a healthy eating habit. Without a doubt, the fact that it was made of more than half fat and sugar proved the exact opposite. So was I still able to accept my intuitively appealing explanation? The main idea of this example was to show that intuitively appealing explanations that are false, with obvious evidence against it, should be discarded. So, we get a new idea here: we are talking about those explanations that are not definitely wrong and which are appealing to our intuition. The definitions of our actions as having

A Dolls House as a Problem Play

A Dolls House as a Problem Play A Dolls House is one of the major realistic problem plays of Henrik Ibsen. In A Dolls House, Nora Helmer is the main character. She is the wife of Torvald Helmer, who is a bank manager. The story happens when Christmas is coming. To keep the job in Torvalds bank, Krostad, who is the man that Nora borrowed money from to pay the trip to Italy to cure her husband, threatens her that he will tell Torvald she forged her fathers signature to borrow money if she doesnt help him to talk with Torvald. She tries to do what Krostad wants because she is fearful that she will lose the family when Torvald knows about that. However, what she is afraid of happen. She spends a whole night to think about what happened, and she realized that Torvald and she dont understand each other. Finally, she decides to leave him and her children to discover her own life where she can find her own self. By separating the various themes of faux marriage and broken family, Henrik Ibsen focuses on the place of women with Nora as his central character. Nora chooses divorce at the end to free not only Torvald but also herself. Just holding a marriage without love, communication, trust, and toleration, the marriage between them cannot last forever. The reasons that lead to divorce in the play are relevant in the world today. Love is the first base to build a strong marriage. Without love, marriage will be destroyed easily. In A Dolls House play, the marriage of Torvald and Nora is seemed very happy, but truthfully, Torvald didnt really love Nora. With him, she is woman who is under his control. After her forging her fathers signature is disclosed, she realizes that her marriage is built without their real love. Torvald pretends to love Nora, and she pretends to love him. She feels that she is living a lie while she lives with him as a doll. She did and thought the same as what he said. Nora claims, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦You arranged everything to your tastes, and I acquired the same tastes. Or I pretended toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I dont really knowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I think it was a bit of both, sometimes one thing and sometimes the other. When I look back, it seems to me I have been living here like a beggar, from hand to mouthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Ibsen 858). When Torvald asked whether she had been happy living with him or n ot, she answers no although she hopes that she was. Therefore, building a marriage without love definitely hurts the relationship between husband and wife as it hurt the relationship between Torvald and Nora. A balance of love is needed in any marriage. Another quality that leads to failed marriage in the play and the world today is the lack of communication. Two soul-mates need to communicate in a relationship. Because Nora understands Torvalds character and doesnt want to let him worry, she didnt talk to him about borrowing money from Krogstad to cure his illness. Moreover, when they talk to each other, they always say about money and work. In the Act I, Nora is seen as a spendthrift her husbands eyes. She always says money when Torvald asks her what she wants. Because of that fact, Torvald seem to be a person who really loves his wife when he agrees with all her requests, but he didnt know what she really wants. The lack of communication makes them cannot understand each other. In the play, Nora realizes that they didnt talk enough through eight years when she says, We have now been married eight years. Hasnt it struck you this is the first time you and I, man and wife, have had a serious talk together? (Ibsen 858). The answer wa s no. That is why Nora didnt tell her husband about her secret. Just because of the poor communication, a marriage can never hope to live onward. Although love and communication are important in marriage, trust is also necessary to build a marriage stronger. Torvald had almost no trust in Nora. When Nora needed some money to buy some things for Christmas, he jeered at her. He state, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if only you really did buy something for yourself with it. But it just get mixed up with the housekeeping and frittered away on all sorts of useless thing, and then I have to dig into my pocket all over again (Ibsen 815). With spendthrift character, Nora lacks trust in her husband, and it is not good for their marriage. It makes them have no trust or even suspect each other. Without trust, marriage becomes impossible. Last but not least, toleration is also necessary in marriage to help them closer. Although they have a good relationship, if they dont have toleration, they will be separated. In the play, both Torval and Nora dont have toleration. This is one of the reasons that lead to their divorce. When Torvald know about what Nora have done, he very angry and doesnt want to forgive her for her fault. He even requests that she has to stay away form him. When he reads the second letter from Krosgtad, he is calmed down and forgives for her fault, but it was too late because she realizes that he didnt love her. She is the same as her husband. She cannot forgive for a person who cares nothing more than him. She finally decides to leave her family to discover a new life where she can find her own self. She says, If I never reach any understanding of myself and the thing around me, I must learn to stand alone. Thats why I cant stay here with you any longer (Ibsen 859). With the strong tone, her determi ned attitude about leaving is shown up although Torvald begs her to stay with him. In conclusion, A Dolls House is a great play of Henrik Ibsen. A Dolls House leaves us a message that holding a marriage without four qualities above is impossible. The marriage of Torvald and Nora Helmer had many problems because they got married without real love, hold their marriage without trust, have the poor communication to understand each other, and have no toleration to forgive for their faults. A Dolls House teaches us a lesson that getting married with our loves is easy, but keeping our marriage can last forever is not easy as we thought. Work Cited Ibsen, Henrik. A Dolls House. Literature for Composition. Ed. Sylvan Barnet et al. 8th ed. New York: Longman, 2007. 813-862.

Significance of the Number 3 in Fairy Tales Essay -- Exploratory Essay

Significance of the Number 3 in Fairy Tales Numbers do not exist. They are creations of the mind, existing only in the realm of understanding. No one has ever touched a number, nor would it be possible to do so. You may sketch a symbol on a paper that represents a number, but that symbol is not the number itself. A number is just understood. Nevertheless, numbers hold symbolic meaning. Have you ever asked yourself serious questions about the significance, implications, and roles of numbers? For example, â€Å"Why does the number ten denote a change to double digits?† â€Å"Is zero a number or a non-number?† Or, the matter this paper will address: â€Å"Why does the number three hold an understood and symbolic importance?† My interest in this topic began by observing the common usage of the number three in fairy tales. Goldilocks and the Three Bears, The Three Little Pigs, and the three sisters in Cinderella are classic and well-known examples in which the number three is used. This paper seeks to uncover the mystery of the number three by analyzing the possible reasons the authors use â€Å"three† in fairy tales. Explanations for an author’s use of the number in question can be grouped into three categories (pardon the irony). First, what I call the Cultural Approach assumes a smooth transition for â€Å"three† from culture and history into the works of the author. It explains the use of â€Å"three† by referring to social conditioning, an idea that society can influence a person to follow a certain pattern or belief even though there is no intrinsic reason to do so. Second, the Psychoanalytical Approach assumes that â€Å"three† weighs on the writer’s mind not because of society, but rather due to ways that are a part of the uncontrollab... .... 1998: 98. Lane, Marcia. Picturing the Rose: A Way of Looking at Fairy Tales. H.W. Wilson, 1994. Louis, Anthony. The Numerological Significance of the Tarot. 1998. Access New Age. 03 Mar. 2004 . McElrow, Tori. Spinning Three by Three†¦ 1999. Metista Home Page. 24 Feb. 2004 . Symbolism and Spiritual Significance of the Number 3. 23 Feb. 2004. . Traditional Folk Tales for Children: The Three Suitors and their Magic Gifts. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 31 March 2004. . Von Franz, Marie Louise. An Introduction to the Psychology of Fairy Tales. New York: Spring, 1975. Von Franz, Marie-Louise. Individuation in Fairy Tales. Zurich: Spring, 1977.

Managing communication Essay

The turn exchange system of interpreting mirrors the possibilities of ordinary turn exchanges in any language, Smooth transitions, potential gaps or pauses, and overlapping talk are all features of turn-taking processes in any language. However, in face-to-face encounters which are interpreted, interpreters actively involve themselves in the ebb and flow of talk; Interpreters are an integral part of the exchange process. Speakers cannot know possible transition moments in other languages, nor can they know what pauses are or how turns end. They participate only in their own language. Thus, two turn-taking systems are operating independently of each other while yet another system, Ð ° discourse exchange system, is controlled by an interpreter. All primary participants within any discourse event interact in complex ways. Together, speakers and interpreters create pauses, overlapping talk, and turns. Although speakers attend to the interaction because of the reasons that brought them together, interpreters attend to interaction management and make decisions about the discourse process itself. Interpreters are doing more than searching Ð ° lexical bank, or syntactic rules, to create coherent utterances and turns. They act on understandings and expectations of the way social scenes emerge in interaction, as well as on social and cultural knowledge of the â€Å"ways of speaking† within particular situations. Choosing appropriate equivalents depends more on the relative status of the interlocutors and desired outcomes than on grammatical or semantic factors. Some scholars might suggest that the complexity and uniqueness of this event lies solely in the fact that one participant is using Ð ° linguistic system of Ð ° different modality (ASL). However, І argue that the mode of Ð ° linguistic system has very little to do with the nature of interpreting as Ð ° face-to-face interaction. Pauses, simultaneous talk, and confusion regarding turns exist during interpreting no matter which linguistic system is in use. Ð  speaker who knows only German cannot know the import or intention of Ð ° response from Ð ° speaker who knows only Yoruba (Ð ° language of Nigeria) any better just because the languages are spoken and not signed. Interpreters are members of interpreted conversations, involved in creating turn exchanges through their knowledge of the linguistic system, conventions for language use, the social situation, and the discourse structure system. Experienced interpreters, then, are competent bilinguals (or multilingual) who possess knowledge of two (or more) languages and also knowledge of social situations, â€Å"ways of speaking,† and strategies for managing communication. Finally, the interpreter is not solely responsible for either the success of the failure of interpreted interaction. All three participants jointly produce this event, and all three are responsible, in differing degrees, for its communicative success or failure. Accounting for and determining the role of different rights and obligations of speakers and how this knowledge influences interpretations is an ongoing discussion that the profession must have. Although interpreters may know and act instinctively on this knowledge, it is my experience that neither practitioners nor students study, practice, talk about, or reflect on decisions about discourse processes, such as turns and overlapping talk. What is missed in not acknowledging or studying this level of knowledge is that experienced interpreters intuitively and successfully interpret the pragmatic meanings of discourse events more often than not, and, subsequently, these situations turn out much as they would if the two primary speakers did speak Ð ° common language. Although these individual events may turn out successfully, without further research and study, there is not pattern or consensus for teaching interpreting to entering students, for teaching successful strategies, or for competently certifying interpreters.

Prostitution in Nevada Essays

Prostitution in Nevada Essays Prostitution in Nevada Essay Prostitution in Nevada Essay To persuade my audience why prostitution should be legal. Central Thesis Statement: Prostitution should be legalized the Pros outweigh the Cons. The harm it Is creating now can be stopped and changed. Method of Organization: Topical Introduction Prostitution should be legal. It can help reduce crime, improve public health, and increase tax revenue. Many people make a living by selling themselves. Some of us may think it is wrong, but to each their own. We all do what we want with our bodies and do not Like It when someone tells us to change what we do with It. Hence, we should stop dictating whether someone can sell leis or her body or not. Prostitution is the oldest profession and will certainly not go away anytime soon. It is not an exchange of sexual favor, but a financial exchange. It takes two consenting adults for the exchange to occur. It is time we stop making decisions for adults. I will be addressing how legalizing prostitution will reduce crime, improve public health, and Increase tax revenue. L. Reduce Crime A. Prostitutes do not seek for help when they are raped or are involved in any kind of violence because what they do is illegal. 1 . Legalizing prostitution will help prostitutes seek for help when harassed rather than feel fear. 3. Melissa Dimmer Coordinator of the Global Network of Sex Work Projects found that under New York Criminal Procedure Law, sex workers who have been victims of sex offenses, including assault and rape, face greater obstacles than other victims. 2. Associate Professor of Finance at Northeastern State University Kirby Cunning statedlet is estimated that if prostitution were legalized in the United States, the rape rate would decrease by roughly 25% for a decrease of approximately 25,000 rapes per year. Linda M, Roll Reaching Director of the American Bar Associations (ABA) Child Custody Pro Bono Project, stated in an Par. 1991,A study conducted in Queensland Show[De] a 149% increase In the rate of rape when legal brothels were closed In 1 959, while other offenses against the person by males increased only 49%. B. Ronald Wittier Professor of Sociology at George Washington university found t hat women working in the Netherlands In a controlled and legal environment do not go through danger as much as being in an uncontrolled illegal system. 1. Workers and managers have instituted elaborate procedures to respond to violent customers quickly and effectively. Giving the prostitutes some sort of safeness. 2. Also the risks in Nevada are very low. We rarely hear about workers being raped because of security. If a case does escalate it is quickly addressed. C. Barbara G. Berets Senior Associate Dean for Graduate Studies and Academic Affairs, at the university of Nevada, Lass Vegas states there is a strong indication documented analysis and ethnographic data presented that legal brothels generally offers safer working environment than their Illegal counterparts. When customers enter a legitimate business, violence Is almost eradicated, because it is a controlled environment. And minimizing actual violence. 3. Nevada brothels offer specific mechanisms to protect workers via the ways transactions are organized, the ways technology is ordered, the visibility of customers, the bureaucratic relationships among customers, managers, and workers, and the cooperation with police based on the mere fact of their legality. All of these mechanisms work to eliminate systematic violence and to discourage an atmosphere of danger and risk Transition: We have talked about reducing crime , now lets consider improving public health. II. Improve Public Health A. Prostitutes work outside the law. This has implications for their health that are hard to quantify. Health problems associated with prostitution, such as sexually transmitted diseases (Studs) and violence, are commonly assumed to be risks of the trade. 1. Beth Gaze Associate Professor of Law at the University of Monish carried out an Australian Australian in 1998, the prevalence of sexually transmitted bacterial infections was 80 times greater in 63 illegal street prostitutes than in 753 of their gal brothel counterparts. . In off-street establishments, fear of arrest on felony charges can cause management to discourage the use of condoms, which could be used as evidence that the establishment is in the business of prostitution. 3. Legally sanctioned encouragement of prostitutes to use condoms or access screening services, both major determinants of the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, is impossible because of their illegal status. Occupational health and safety law is applied to prostitutes in lawful brothels but not to their counterparts on the street. B. The evidence of the legalized brothel system in Nevada highlights that sex work environments that are legitimated have the effect of empowering sex workers to control their working conditions and interactions with clients. 1. Sex workers will follow mandatory procedures prior to having sex. This includes routine checkups and protection. Transition: We have talked about improving public health, now lets consider increasing tax revenue. Ill. Increase Tax Revenue A. Government would collect taxes on the industry. 1. Since the government would collect taxes, they also have the power to control it. 2. Legal businesses pay taxes, while illegal prostitution businesses pay no taxes. 3. Let the government share in the revenue, and stay out of the affairs of consenting adults. Conclusion l. Legalizing prostitution will not only be helping a victimless crime will not be a crime anymore, but also improving the lifes of many individuals who risk their lifes trying to make a living. Prostitution is more difficult. I know that there are women who are drawn to the sex industry and entered it voluntarily and get quite upset if others say it is a demeaning occupation. I also know that many women are not there by hooch. It offends my sensibilities to know that a 16-year-old girl could physically or psychologically be forced into the sex industry II. Women will not have a great risk of abuse. Individuals health will not be in danger and tax revenue will increase. Ill. Legalizing prostitution will not harm anyone. However, it will improve some areas. Some people are Just afraid of change and do not like progression. It is time w e move on legalize this victimless crime. If you look at the majority of serial killers, they are doing it outdoors and with the use of their cars.

Critical Thinking Memo

Critical Thinking Memo Abstract This is a memo from Ms. Mary Ford to Mr. Hector Fuentes. In this essay, this memo has been analyzed following the steps of critical thinking outlined in various books that have been read. Mary’s letter considers these steps in relation to the issue in question.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Critical Thinking Memo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She rejects the governor’s offer of privatizing the management function of the DMV information systems of the state, and says that the plight of the workers should have been considered. Introduction Critical thinking helps people extricate from difficult situations. A critical thinker will not make his/her decisions abruptly, and s/he will reason them to come up with the best decision. S/he will weigh all the options available so as to defend the decision made. A critical thinker is well aware of all the constraints and barriers in critical decis ion making and will still overcome them. S/he must follow some steps so as to arrive to a conclusive and viable decision. These steps will guide this person in making choices that will not only assist him in the future, but are backed by enough evidence that will convince people that one has considered a lot of things before settling to a decision (Browne Keeley, 2010). This will make this person seem genuine to people as they will trust this individual in areas where intricate judgments are to be made. The Issue under the Question The governor, Gloria Gainor, wants to privatize the function of the information systems management in the Motor Vehicles department. This means that the employees in this department have to be outsourced.Advertising Looking for assessment on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The governor, Gloria Gainor, promises to ensure that the outsourced personnel are given the similar jobs in other departments. The governor justifies this move by claiming that it saves the state some $250,000 on an annual basis. However, the APEU director of human resource, Ms. Mary Ford, is against this move. Her view is that this move is disastrous to the employees of the department. She advises the chairman to reject this move and gives some valid reasons for the rejection of the offer made by the governor. Ms. Mary Ford is very firm on her decision and feels that the move to privatize the information systems management function would affect the whole state. In a nutshell, Ms. Ford advises the chairman to reject any sentiments about outsourcing that are advocated by the senator. Ms. Mary Ford’s Reasons for Rejecting This Move There are very many things that drive Ms. Ford to reject the move by the governor. She has some very authentic and valid reasons that clearly define her view. The first reason that Ms. Ford gives is that the move by the governor is an assault to the union . The members of the union in this department will be disadvantaged since the powers of the union are to be reduced. Mary Ford clarifies that this privatization attracts foreign binders, and these binders may even accept wages that are lower than the wages given to the union members. This will set a platform which the government will use to lower the wages of the people working in this department. Therefore, in the future, people who work in this department will receive little pay as compared to the wages they receive now. Mary clarifies that instead of raising the wages of the union members, the salary would decrease (if the contract were given to a foreign binder) (Stanley, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Critical Thinking Memo specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, Mary claims that agreeing to the governor’s terms makes it appear that the union of this department is controlled by the management. She feels that the move to privatize the information systems management function is also applied to other departments, and this department is just a stepping stone towards other departments. The above reason is valid since the governor could use this department as a test group towards privatizing other departments. Therefore, the governor should directly deal with the union to ensure that its members understand the implications of this move. Better still, the governor can initiate a democratic move that sees all the members of the union participating in making the decision on whether they (members of the union) should be outsourced or not. The next objection that Ms. Mary Ford makes regarding this outsourcing is to do with the inconveniences brought about by this process. Ms. Ford observes that many people working in this department have the skills necessary to work there. However, these people should enhance their skills in order to be able to work in other departm ents. Their training should be time consuming as it may waste a lot of productive hours for the whole state (Browne Keeley, 2010). These people will be affected a lot by this change in their working environment, and they may become less productive than they were at their past workplace.Advertising Looking for assessment on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mary Ford also observes that there are some members of the union who are much advanced in years, and they may find it hard to fit in other departments, so they should get other form of employment. The move by the governor to outsource these people means that some of the people affected may become unemployed. The union should respect and cater for the needs and the wellbeing of all its members (Mark, 2006). Therefore, the union should reject any move that is likely to disadvantage some of its members. In fact, a union is formed to protect its members. Dismissing these people may affect them as they may become frustrated and discouraged to find a new job in future. The director of APEU human resources also questions the governor’s offer to employees who are to be displaced. The director feels that there is no guarantee that this step is justified, and this makes her firm in her decision to reject the move to outsource the department. She questions the availability and presence of the similar positions given to these people. The governor just considers those positions as vacancies that may appear, but she does not assure that they will arise. The governor does also not also give the frequency of the rising of new positions. This means that people will be unemployed and unaware whether they may get a job in a day, a week, a year or even they might never get the one at all; unless a vacancy arises, then there will be no job for anyone (Stanley, 2009)! Therefore, Mary Ford is justified to question the authenticity of the governor’s offer for vacancies as they arise. Ms. Ford also feels that the control of the information systems should not be given to strangers. The information disseminated to the people may be compromised, and this may affect all the people in the state. Therefore, this department should be run by people from the state since they understand the state affairs better than the others. Additionally, these people will also be affected by a ny misinformation in the department, so they work to ensure that the information given to the public is precise and advances the good of everyone in the state. Therefore, this is a clear reason as to why the move by the governor should be rejected. Ambiguous Phrases and Words in the Memo The governor’s letter, as summarized by Ms. Ford, contains some ambiguous words and phrases. First, the governor writes that members displaced in the privatization process are to be given similar positions as vacancies arise. This statement is ambiguous in that the governor does not make it clear when these vacancies will arise. This gap is left to speculation, and a person can fill it in as he/she deems right. This part presents Ms. Mary Ford a chance to attack against the governor as it is needed to specify how the transition of employees from their current job to the next should take place. Probably, this would have altered the response given by the director of human resources. Mary Ford a lso uses an ambiguous phrase in the letter. On th one hand, she says that the move by the governor is anti-American. Therefore, a person is forced to pose a question on what can be considered as American and what is not. In this context, some people can interpret this in terms of the American Labor laws, but in other contexts, this statement can be interpreted otherwise. In fact, this term can be a super ordinate term for a lot of things. Value and Descriptive Assumptions There are the assumptions which a person makes based on the observation on another person (Andolina, 2001). In this memo, Mary refers to Governor Gloria as a bully. She is doing this partly because she knows the governor, and partly because the governor has come up with the proposal to outsource the department. She considers the fact that the governor has overlooked many things in coming up with this decision. She also feels that the union members will be forced to learn new skills in their new jobs, and this will have a psychological toll on them. This is, probably, another reason that makes Mary refer to the governor as a bully. Fallacies in the Reasoning Fallacies are the errors that are found in the conclusive reasoning of people or a group of people (Corcoran, 2010). In this letter, the governor has some fallacious thinking in that she does not take the plight of the people in consideration. Rather, she focuses only on the economic move that should be made by the state. However, if this move is to be implemented, the state will save some money, but the people will suffer. The state should ensure that all its citizens are comfortable, but in this move by the senator, the comfort and satisfaction of the people are compromised. Ms. Ford also displays some fallacious reasoning in her letter to the chairman. She questions the authenticity of the company that might be given the task of managing the communication systems. She says that the company provides marginal and questionable efficiencies in running government operations. However, no company (then) has been given this task, and Mary Ford is just lingering on speculation of what might happen. She makes this appear as the reality, but she is just trying to win the confidence of the chairman in believing in her. Valid Evidence Ms. Mary Ford is very passionate in her rejection of any move that may make the communication department privatized. She gives very good and valid reasons as to why she is objecting the move. First, Mary Ford has a very sharp intuition about what is likely to happen. She examines different perspectives of the issues and offers the best advice based on her intuition. She foresees the possibility of a foreign company taking over the department, and she sees the danger associated with this; the company could ask for a pay less than the one offered to the current employees, and this may not be good for the other employees because their wages might be reduced (Shaw, 2010). Mary also argues using a per sonal experience with such a move. She talks of her brother in law who had been downsized and did not get employed again. She says that this may happen to the employees if the proposal of the governor succeeds. The brother in law to the author of this letter says that the management uses the excuse of rehiring the union’s members to gain its trust. Once the deal goes through, the promise to the union is forgotten (Scriven, 2001). Mary also appeals to the authority to advance her argument. She knows that the chairman is a person who is in a position of power, and she uses this to benefit. She also knows that the chairman is running for re-election, and she makes it known to him that rejecting the governor’s move may lay a good basis for his re-election. She tells him that the members of the union are ready to re-elect him once he rejects the offer of the governor. She also clarifies that the chairman can avert any inconveniences that could be brought about by this move. Rival Causes The director of human resource rejects the governor’s offer because it would affect the members of the union negatively. This is because the move will jeopardize the working conditions of the members of the union, and it will also render some union members jobless. Therefore, Mary Ford takes these factors into consideration and concludes that the move to privatize the department should be rejected. In this memo, the director of human resource does not include any statistics. Her arguments entail the plight of the members of the union. She talks of the awful things that may be the resultant of the acceptance of the governor’s proposal. The director of human resource seems to tell the chairman that the governor’s proposal will make people unemployed, just as it did to her brother in law. Significant Information that is omitted This memo has some things that are omitted. For instance, the director has omitted the information regarding the reaction of the union members towards this issue. The union members and the union representatives have not expressed their opinion, and this has been overlooked. All parties that are affected should be consulted; doing this will assist in coming up with the best decision (Swamy, 2005). Giving these people a chance to air their views will help come up with a harmonized decision acceptable to all. Conclusion Ms. Mary Ford, the APEU Director of Human Resources, has all the reasons to reject the proposal by the governor. This is because she focuses on the plight of the union members and the implication of the move to privatize the management function of the state’s DMV information systems. The reasons and evidences given are valid, and the governor’s proposal should not be considered. Though such a strategy may help the state save some money, this will make a lot of citizens unemployed. References Andolina, M. (2001). Practical Guide to Critical Thinking. New York: Cengage Learning. B rowne, M. Keeley, S. (2010). Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Corcoran, P. (2010). Good decision making. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University. Mark, D. (2006). A Field Guide to Good Decisions: Values in Action. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Scriven, M. (2001). Critical Thinking: Its Definition and Assessment. Pennsylvania: Edge press. Shaw, P. (2010). Making Difficult Decisions: How to be decisive and get the business done. New York: John Wiley Sons. Stanley, T. (2009). Critical Thinking and Formative Assessments: Increasing the Rigor in Your Classroom Eye on Education. New York: Cengage Printing. Swamy, S. (2005) Management Strategies For Developing Critical Thinking Skills. London: Anmol Publications.

Accountings for manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

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Four managerial function Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Four managerial function - Term Paper Example Planning can be defined as the process of selecting the course of action for the project. There can be different ways of achieving the same goal, with some incurring more costs than others. The purpose of planning is to identify such a course of action to achieve the goals that enables a manager to minimize the cost without compromising upon the quality. The need for planning originates in the fact that the market economies in which an organization has to establish itself, survive, and thrive are highly competitive and change is a norm in such market economies (Rao, 1988). Planning is a technical skill. To facilitate the managers in the present age, several planning software are available in the market. Such planning software include but are not limited to MS 2010 and Primavera. After the suitable course of action has been identified to achieve the goal, the next step is to schedule the project. Organizing is the second function of management. â€Å"Organizing is the process of linking and arranging activities in a sequence. It includes allocating work, authority and resources† (Rao, 1988). In this stage, the different steps identified in the plan are time-phased. The plan is divided into a range of activities that are assigned durations and relationships are established between them. A manager needs very good technical and intellectual skills in order to be able to execute this function successfully. Organizing, as the name implies, is also concerned with structuring and administering the organization in such a way that adequate channels for effective communication and execution of plans are formed. In the organizing function of management, the manager decides what kind of organizational structure should prevail in the organization so that the desired organizational culture, hierarchy, and channels of communication are formed. A manager needs to have a